Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Conflict Between US And USSR History Essay
Conflict Between US And USSR History Essay In the stressful conflict that accrued between the United States and the U.S.S.R. Was after the Second World War with Hitler. The United States and the Soviet Union In 1945 became the two leading super powers in Europe, with the USSR predominately occupying the countries of Eastern Europe. The United States was the peace keeper of the countries of Western Europe. These two superpowers, in Germany along with France and Britain, agreed on occupied areas of land which made up a framework for four-power control over Europes land mass. In the February meetings at Yalta, in July/August at Potsdam in 1945 the two superpowers and Britain negotiated to divide the states for a land territory settlement of Europe. When the Potsdam conference became serious many differences were fought over about the future evolving status of Germany and the rest of the states of Europe. Each meeting the super powers discussed the Far East They paid very close attention to the admittance of the USSR into the war against Japan. By 1947 an east-west division of states was manifesting its head with the Soviets seriously intending on undermining democracy and establishing puppet communist regimes in Eastern Europe. In Germany the Soviets were bent on crippling their economy and creating an overwhelming influence in their territory that they wanted to occupy. The Soviets defended their desires of Europe in terms of creating anti-Fascist governments which were friendly towards the USSR and her beliefs. The USSR was portraying the United States as bent on destroying communism while the United States portrayed the USSR as determined to undermining liberal democracy in the United States as well as Europe. The Cold War was marked by the Berlin Blockade Crisis of 1948-9. As time progressed the victory of Maos Red Army of the American sponsored Nationalist Government in China in 1949 and the Korean War in 1950, received pressure from the Soviet military occupation of Hungary in 1956. From Berlin on to 1958 leading up to the Wall crisis of 1961 in Berlin, Germany and the Missile Crisis in Cuba in 1962. During this time the Americans pulled their resources together and their new role as leader of the West was offering assistance to the economies of the Western European states they occupied through the implemented Marshall Plan of 1947. Recently allied to an emerging alliance of Western European states America signed the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949; taking the lead in controlling the Federal Republic of Germany from the three Western zones that were occupied in 1949. In the early 1950s America worked for rearming of these new states and its full membership in North Atlantic Treaty Organization during the year 1955. The USSR proclaimed its territories in Germany as the German Democratic Republic completely created a formal alliance with its Eastern European new friends in 1955 which created the Warsaw Pact Treaty Organization. The Americans concluded an alliance in Asia making a peace treaty with Japan in 1951 and 1952 and included other states such as Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, and the Philippines, within a series of alliances, while the USSR finished an alliance with China in 1950. but the Americans gradually became entangled in a more complex war in Vietnam while the war in Korea ended in 1953 in which it supported the South Vietnam against North Vietnam which the north was backed by the USSR and China. Throughout this era the two countries made policies of rearming of nuclear weapons with continued developed of long-range weapons where they could destroy each other from their own countries. The Cuban Missile Crisis relations got much better after the agreements were finished in stabilizing the situations in Europe. The Quadripartite Agreement from Berlin in 1971 led to the two German states entering the United Nations in 1973. The Helsinki Accords agreed the Co-operation in Europe in 1975 which appeared to mark a tacit peace treaty to end the Cold War and World War II by the Conference on Security. Agreements that limited the nuclear arms race were also finished. The conflict between the superpowers kept on going even through this era of this easing, as of tension between competitors. Even in new areas of rivalry such as was in Africa crossed its Continent while the betterment of relations continued between China and, the United States with the added work of President Nixon, the Secretary of State Kissinger, and Premier Chou En-Lai. Together they eased the tensions between the United States and the USSR worsening the relations between her and China. This gave a new shap e to negotiations towards peace between the two superpowers in the 1970s. By the mid-1970s the Cold War in its original form can be said to have died away. The arms race between East and West had all the characteristics of a classic action-reaction model of international conflict in which each side reacts to an earlier step by the other side. The explanation of the origins of the conflict is more complex, though three broad categories of explanation can be identified. First, some analysts have emphasized that the Cold War occurred primarily as a result of the destruction of German power, the resulting power vacuum in Central Europe and the new bipolar balance of power between the superpowers. From this perspective, the Cold War was a traditional great power conflict in which ideological rivalry was essentially secondary and the structural constraints of bipolarity crucial in throwing the two sides apart. A second explanation, sometimes called the orthodox or liberal interpretation, stresses the American desire for a return to a much more limited internatio nal role after the Second World War. However, after having begun to disarm and disengage from Europe, the Americans were obliged by Soviet expansionism in Eastern Europe to take up in 1947 a much more active, and unsought for, role in Europe in order to contain Soviet power. A third explanation stresses the long-term objective of the American capitalist power to undermine communism and to expand American power throughout the Middle East, the Far East, and all of Europe. Some writers in this category thus trace the Cold War back to American opposition to the 1917 Russian Revolution. Of course, many accounts weave together two or even all three of these broad categories. In the 1980s there was a short-lived but intensive reawakening of the Cold War, sometimes called the New Cold War. DÃ ©tente petered out in the late 1970s, arms control faltered, and in December 1979 the Soviet Union occupied Afghanistan. From the year 1980 onward the USSR exerted intense pressure over the government of Poland. In the United States Reagan denounced the Soviet Union in ideological terms and in Britain Thatcher denounced the Soviet Union in ideological terms which was unheard of since the worst days of the Cold War. On the Western side there was rearmament in Europe, under the so-called double-track policy of NATO, changes in the American doctrine of deterrence which appeared to emphasize the political utility of limited nuclear war, and the American pursuit of defenses against Soviet missiles in the Strategic Defense Initiative. In the post-year 1945 era it was difficult to disentangle action and reaction between the two sides. In any case, by 1987 the two superpower s had moved decisively back towards a better agreement on treaties by 1989 while Soviet power itself had crumbled. The US and Russian agreements needed to work together against terrorism after September 11, 2001 which marked the most dramatic change in their relations since the start of the Cold War in 1948. The imploded views of the socialists in Europe in 1989 started this new European order. Germany was brought back together, healing the pain and suffering along Europes heart and soul. This time in history that has been described as the Cold War, needed to be ended. Soviet spokesperson Gennadi Gerasimov stated, this era of conflict had last from Yalta to Malta, a reference to the time between the famous 1945 summit and a brief conference with the U.S. President George Bush including Gorbachev off the coast of the neutral island of Malta in December 1989. Latter at a summit, Gorbachev announced the end of an era and the start of a new one, a lasting and peaceful one, promising that he would never start a hot war against the United States. Bush said, that he looked forward to enduring cooperation. The real end to the period would come two years later, when the Soviet Union ceased to exist. (Freedman, L. 2010)
Monday, January 20, 2020
The Chocolate War - Transformation of Jerry :: Chocolate War Essays
Why would a person decide to betray the beliefs they had fought so hard for? In Robert Cormiers novel The Chocolate War, the character of Jerry Renault changes drastically from a rebel to a follower in the end. The school gang known as the vigils and his moral beliefs motivates Jerryââ¬â¢s actions. He feels he must take a stand against evil. Jerry can be considered a hero because of his beliefs. In the end however he gives in to the things he fought against and becomes a follower. There are many factors that cause Jerry to act the way he does. The main reason is he forced by the vigils to refuse the chocolates. "When he returned to the school after practice, he found a letter scotch-taped to the door of his locker. A summons from the vigils. Subject: Assignment."(Cormier 62) He is now forced to refuse the school chocolate sale. He now has to face Brother Leon and tell him no which soon gives him insight in to the teachersââ¬â¢ feelings. "His eyes gave him away. His face was always under control but his eyes showed his vulnerability."(Cormier 92) Jerry realizes that Brother Leon is struggling with the candy sale and that he is trying to hide his anger for Jerryââ¬â¢sââ¬â¢ refusal. Jerry knows Brother Leonââ¬â¢s hate for him and his fear of failure with the chocolate sale. "He had met Brother Leon in the corridor late one afternoon after football practice and had seen hate flashing in the teachers eyes. More than hate: something sick." (Cormier 92) J erry knows that Leon hates him for refusing the chocolates but he doesnââ¬â¢t want to give into Leon and take the chocolates. This is what motivates Jerry to become a rebel Websterââ¬â¢s dictionary defines a hero as any man admired for his courage, qualities or exploits, especially in war. Some people attribute the term hero mostly to war. My personal definition of a hero is someone who takes a stand against evil or an unjust cause. The term hero can be applied to anyone, it isnââ¬â¢t necessary to save the world from explosion to be a hero. The act of standing up for a friend can also be called a heroic act. The character of Jerry Renault can easily be classified as a hero in my opinion. Jerry stands up for what he believes is right and says no to Brother Leon. The Chocolate War - Transformation of Jerry :: Chocolate War Essays Why would a person decide to betray the beliefs they had fought so hard for? In Robert Cormiers novel The Chocolate War, the character of Jerry Renault changes drastically from a rebel to a follower in the end. The school gang known as the vigils and his moral beliefs motivates Jerryââ¬â¢s actions. He feels he must take a stand against evil. Jerry can be considered a hero because of his beliefs. In the end however he gives in to the things he fought against and becomes a follower. There are many factors that cause Jerry to act the way he does. The main reason is he forced by the vigils to refuse the chocolates. "When he returned to the school after practice, he found a letter scotch-taped to the door of his locker. A summons from the vigils. Subject: Assignment."(Cormier 62) He is now forced to refuse the school chocolate sale. He now has to face Brother Leon and tell him no which soon gives him insight in to the teachersââ¬â¢ feelings. "His eyes gave him away. His face was always under control but his eyes showed his vulnerability."(Cormier 92) Jerry realizes that Brother Leon is struggling with the candy sale and that he is trying to hide his anger for Jerryââ¬â¢sââ¬â¢ refusal. Jerry knows Brother Leonââ¬â¢s hate for him and his fear of failure with the chocolate sale. "He had met Brother Leon in the corridor late one afternoon after football practice and had seen hate flashing in the teachers eyes. More than hate: something sick." (Cormier 92) J erry knows that Leon hates him for refusing the chocolates but he doesnââ¬â¢t want to give into Leon and take the chocolates. This is what motivates Jerry to become a rebel Websterââ¬â¢s dictionary defines a hero as any man admired for his courage, qualities or exploits, especially in war. Some people attribute the term hero mostly to war. My personal definition of a hero is someone who takes a stand against evil or an unjust cause. The term hero can be applied to anyone, it isnââ¬â¢t necessary to save the world from explosion to be a hero. The act of standing up for a friend can also be called a heroic act. The character of Jerry Renault can easily be classified as a hero in my opinion. Jerry stands up for what he believes is right and says no to Brother Leon.
Sunday, January 12, 2020
Porters Generic Strategy Essay
Introduction It is clear that competing for sustainable and superior performance enhances a firmââ¬â¢s profitability. Equally, this same level of profitability depends largely on the attractiveness of the industry which is easily measured using the Porterââ¬â¢s 5 tools and more importantly, the position the firm takes within the industry to leverage on its strengths. To compete properly, a firm must address two fundamental questions. Should it focus on identifying a microcosm of the industry or serve the entire market? According to Michael C. Porter, the porterââ¬â¢s three (3) generic strategies are very important strategies, which can be applied to products and services in any industry or organization regardless of its size. The Three Porterââ¬â¢s Generic Strategies In order to gain competitive advantage, Michael Porter developed three generic strategies that a company could use; The Cost Leadership Strategy, The Differentiation Strategy and the Focus Strategy. These strategies have been used by various organizations to become more competitive in the market. Below is a representation of these strategies. 1. Cost Leadership Strategy: This strategy is all about minimizing the cost of creating/delivering the firmââ¬â¢s products or services. It means having the lowest average cost of production compared to relative competitors and still not compromise on quality. There are two main ways the strategy can be achieved; a. Increasing profits by reducing costs while charging industry-average prices. b. Increasing its market share by charging lower prices while making profit on each sale through economies of scale While this approach might be attractive because of its obvious advantages like the entry barriers that result when competitors are not able to produce at the same low level of cost or size of the market share the company gains, there is still the risk of losing the advantage when other rival firms begin to cut costs as well by using advancement in technology to enhance their production capacity. The cost leadership strategy is also broad in scope as it sells to different customers in its industry. Firms looking to use this strategy must be able to; i. Access the capital needed to invest in new technology, which will lead to a larger market share in the long run. ii. Provide continued capital investment to maintain its cost advantage throughà economies of scale. iii. Develop cheaper ways to produce existing products and. iv. Maintain a tight control of its overhead costs. 2. Differentiation Strategy: This strategy allows companies to produce products and services that offer unique attributes that customers can perceive to be better than what the competition offers. It can be seen as a way for firms to compete by creating a completely new market and dominating it. The extra value the product or services provides to the market allow the firm to charge higher prices (premium) which then compensates the increase in costs used to provide that extra service. The differentiation strategy is achieved by using any combination of the following approaches; a. Different design. b. Different brand image. c. Different product or service features. d. Different and more advanced technology. 3. Focus Strategy: This strategy is a slight variation of the other two generic strategies. However, as the name implies, the focus strategy allows firms to focus on a particular niche market and provide uniquely low costs (cost focus) or uniquely different products (differentiation focus). Since the strategy is targeted to a select part of the market, it creates a strong loyalty for its brand from its customers, which helps to further reduce the threat of rivalry. Porterââ¬â¢s Generic Strategies in Action: Apple Inc. Founded on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, Apple Inc is a multinational corporation that designs and leads innovation in the consumer electronics, computer software and personal computerââ¬â¢s industry. Apple Inc. traditionally focused on personal computers but later shifted its focus to consumer electronics. It now has a range of high-end products including the Macintosh line of computers, iPod, iPhone, and the iPad. They are also involved in developing innovative operating systems and browser. Its main competitors are Microsoft, Samsung, HP, Blackberry, Acer, Toshiba,à Nokia and Dell. Apple Inc. leads the competition by implementing a Differentiation Strategy. Apple Inc. sets itself apart from its competitors by providing unique features for its products, which the customers really cannot get anywhere else. These unique features include design, functionality, durability and consistency. Also, Apple electronic products are known to be sleek, simple and minimalist. Itââ¬â¢s MacBook and iMac products have a reputation for long battery life and completely zero tolerance for viruses, which are known to plague other competitorââ¬â¢s products that run either Windows or Linus operating systems. Another aspect of differentiation that Apple utilizes well is its amazing customer service. Through its Apple Stores worldwide, Apple creates a very interactive forum where customers can come to purchase new devices or fix faulty ones. These unique aspects of its differentiation strategy are what give Apple the right to charge higher prices, thereby commanding a premium for their services. This strategy has proven to work well for the company because its market share has constantly been increasing since it released the iPod in 2005. The following diagram illustrates Apple incââ¬â¢s strategic position relative to two of its competitors in the mobile industry; Apple inc. implements a number of strategies that makes it different from its competitors. It is more focused on meeting the customerââ¬â¢s needs than anything else, so they didnââ¬â¢t need to compete on price, and could set their own prices, because they were delivering something much more valuable to the consumer. The following are some of Steve Jobââ¬â¢s quotes that reflect Apple Incââ¬â¢s focus on the differentiation strategy; ââ¬Å"If it could save a personââ¬â¢s life, could you find a way to save ten seconds off the boot time?â⬠ââ¬Å"Youââ¬â¢ve got to start with the customer experience and work back towards ââ¬â not the other way around. ââ¬Å"Being the richest man in the cemetery doesnââ¬â¢t matter to me. Going to bed at night, saying weââ¬â¢ve done something wonderful; thatââ¬â¢s what matters to me.â⬠One of Apple Incââ¬â¢s business strategies is to release few but highly anticipated high-end products while others like Samsung focused on releasing a wide variety of products to the market. Apple Inc. allows for long development cycles that grow anticipation and showcased new innovations with each new release under Steve Jobs whose strategy was develop and sell brand new, innovative products which blended art andà technology in order to provide a simple and streamlined user experience. After its initial release of the iPod and iPhone, Apple Inc. continued to innovate in the mobile device market through smartphones and then tablets which began to create a loyal customer base around their brand. Conclusion Since inception, Apple Inc carved its own market by creating unique products that targeted a specific market. The company continuously innovates to produce the best products in the market and strategically rolls them out so that its customers appreciate it even more. The following are its production and marketing emphasis: Production Emphasis: Nobody does it better Marketing Emphasis: Ours is better than theirs Apple Inc. focused on making technology more artistic with design features that catch the eyes of the customer. The efficiency of its products also makes customers want to pay a higher price. The company differentiated itself and its products from the competition and ensured that its loyal customers were always satisfied. References Chris Nosal. ââ¬Å"Appleââ¬â¢s Marketing Strategy ââ¬â Sell On Value, Not Price.â⬠Web. 25 Mar. 2014. < http://www.chrisnosal.com/apples-marketing-strategy-sell-products-on-value-not-price/> Dan Mcgaw. ââ¬Å"7 Key Strategies That You Must Learn From Appleââ¬â¢s Marketing.â⬠Web. 28 Mar. 2014. < http://blog.kissmetrics.com/7-strategies-apple-marketing/> Fion McCormack. ââ¬Å"Appleââ¬â¢s IPhone Marketing Strategy Exposed.â⬠Yahoo Small Business Advisor. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. Grobart, Sam. ââ¬Å"Apple Chiefs Discuss Strategy, Market Share-and the New IPhones.â⬠Bloomberg Business Week. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. < http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-09-19/cook-ive-and-federighi-on-the-new-iphone-and-apples-once-and-future-strategy> Jerry Alison. ââ¬Å"Business Strategy: The Three Generic Strategies.â⬠HubPages. Web. 30 Mar. 2014.
Friday, January 3, 2020
Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay - 837 Words
Animal Farm Napoleon was able to take command of animal farm using several different methods. He used the stupid animals like the sheep and the dogs, he uses snowball as a non-present threat by saying that he is to blame for vicious rumours sent round the farm, probably started by one of the pigs. He also uses the pigs to mingle with other animals and talk about how wonderful Napoleon is and how he is always right. Also he uses physical things to distinguish him from the other pigs and animals. The Sheep and The Dogs Napoleon uses the sheep because they were quite stupid and gullible. Once he had taught them the maxim four legs good, two legs bad they bleated it over and over whenever they were troubled or there wasâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦He also tells the animals that Snowball is living on a neighbouring farm and is plotting to attack Animal farm. Then later on in the story when the windmill gets knocked down for the first time Napoleon blames it on Snowball. Also the whole way through the story there are always roomers going around the farm about what Snowball might do next. When Napoleon is getting the animals to confess to their treachery and then slaughtering them they animals all say they have been persuaded to do such evil things by Snowball, whether he came to them in a dream, visited them under the cover of night or got them on their own during the day. I could not quite work this out as I thought that Snowball was just a spoken threat and that he no longer had anything to do with any of the animals on the farm. Squealer Squealer is almost Napoleons sidekick. He does all Napoleons dirty work, and he also goes out to talk to the other animals to make sure they dont say anything bad about him, that they still think he is wonderful, knowledgeable, and always right. Squealer is the messenger. He is the one who is sent, when the commandments have been slightly adapted, to explain the change, or not as the animals think. One example is when the pigs move into the farmhouse and sleep in the beds. The commandment was changed from no animal shall sleep in a bedShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm And George Orwell By George Orwell1034 Words à |à 5 Pages Eric Arthur Blair, under the pseudonym of George Orwell, composed many novels in his lifetime that were considered both politically rebellious and socially incorrect. Working on the dream since childhood, Orwell would finally gain notoriety as an author with his 1945 novel Animal Farm, which drew on personal experiences and deeply rooted fear to satirically critique Russian communism during its expansion. 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